Welfare report Essay Example For Students

Welfare report Essay Welfare is a government program that provides money, medical care, food, housing, and other things that people need in order to survive. People who can receive help from these welfare programs are children, elders, disabled, and others who cannot support their families on their current income. Another name for welfare is public assistance. There are many organizations that supply this public assistance. Such as Salvation Army and other groups. Public assistance benefits help many people who live below the poverty line, an income level is established for families. If your income is below this you would be eligible to receive this Federal and state governments in the Unites States serve the poor people through about 60 public assistance programs. Most people receive help through one of the four major programs. These programs are Medicaid, Aid to families with dependant Children, Social Security, or Supplemental Security, or the food stamps program. I will discuss the four programs Medicaid provides free medical care to the poor people. Funds vary from state to state. In some situations, people who may be able to pay daily needs, but cant afford large medical bills may also be able to receive Medicaid. Some services paid for are bills such as doctors visits and nursing home care. Most Medicaid funding comes from the feder al government. The rest is supplied by the state. Each state runs their own Medicaid A.F.D.C. provides cash benefits to dependent children and the parents or the guardians taking care of them. Most families that qualify for A.F.D.C. have just one parent in the home. About 80 percent of these families are headed by a woman. A.F.D.C. also pays benefits to two-parent families if both parents are unemployed. Most A.F.D.C. funding comes from the federal government. The states provide the rest of the money and administer the program. The sizes of families payment vary from state to state. Next is Social Security Income. This provides financial Aid to people in need who are at least 65 years old, blind, or disabled. The federal government finances and administers social security income programs in most states, though some states supply the federal payment and are able to Finally, the Food Stamp Program helps low-income households buy more and better food than they could otherwise afford. E ach participating household receives a certain number of coupons called food stamps. The stamps are issued by the federal government. The number of stamps a household receives varies with the familys size, income, and expenses. Cooperating grocery stores accept the stamps like money for food purchases There are other programs such as energy assistance and public housing. Energy assistance, which is federally financed but administered by the states, helps people pay fuel bills. Public housing provides low cost rental apartments in government owned buildings. We will write a custom essay on Welfare report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now State and local governments fund and administer their own general assistance programs. These programs provide financial aid for needy people who do not qualify for other types of welfare. People waiting to receive assistance from other programs also may get temporary emergency aid from Back in the early days, welfare resembled the English system. Social governments were responsible for helping the poor. But the colonies and later the states, sometimes helped the local government provide aid. The first federal welfare program, began after the Revolutionary War, they provided pensions to war veterans. During the Civil War these pensions were expanded to cover soldiers widows and orphans. In the early 1900s, primary responsibility for providing welfare benefits shifted from local to state governments. During these years, states enacted programs to aid dependent children and the elderly. The criticisms of welfare ranges over a number of social and economic issues. Some people criticize w elfare programs for not providing high enough benefits to eliminate poverty. Spending on welfare would have to increase greatly to eliminate poverty, and many people believe the cost is Many critics of the welfare system charge that providing a steady income to needy people encourages idleness. Actually, most welfare benefits go to elderly, blind, and disabled people and mothers with young children. But welfare does discourage some recipients from working harder by reducing benefits if their income increases. .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 , .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 .postImageUrl , .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 , .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1:hover , .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1:visited , .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1:active { border:0!important; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1:active , .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1 .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65223936141e1bb66bfd318bca7ebfa1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Atomic Bomb EssayMany people also criticize the welfare system for being too complex and costly to administer. Each program has its own eligibility requirements and ways of calculating benefits, and these rules vary from state to state. Public officials collect detailed information about applicants to determine their eligibility for benefits. This process is time-consuming and costly. Some people cheat the system by not reporting all the income they earn. But suppliers of services to welfare recipients account for most of the fraud in welfare. Some physicians, pharmacists, and others have been overpaid because they have made up false bills. In my opinion I believe you need welfare because people do need help. But I would lower its percent because it wont hurt that much. Most importantly we have to do a better job at finding all the people who cheat the program and make them work to repay it. Bibliography:Bibliography1. World Almanac and Book of Facts 1995Published by: Funk ; Wagnalls Corporation2. World Almanac 1989Published by: Washington Times Corporation

Moving Towards Independance essays

Moving Towards Independance essays 1) The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War but not the issues that caused it: specifically, ownership of land. The only difference was the enemy that remained after the war ended. After the French had been removed from the picture, the British turned their attention to fighting the Indians for their lands. The Indians fought back, but faced almost certain defeat because of their limited supplies, manpower, and the general lack of cohesion between Indian tribes. The French and Indian War failed to solve another important problem: the growing differences between England and its colonies. It was the hope of many that fighting a common enemy would pull England and its colonies together. But it did just the opposite. Living in close quarters with the British the colonials became even more aggravated at the British. After the war, the heavy taxes Britain levied on the colonies to pay for the war only made the colonials angrier. The colonists had expected to return to a period of salutary neglect, a time when, with the exception of the Navigation Acts to control trade, Parliament had made few laws that affected the colonies. Now that Britain was faced with many war debts, they needed the help of the colonists. The French and Indian War led to more wars, resulting with the American Revolution. 2) British economic and political actions began to create a radical minority in the American colonies. After the French and Indian War, Britain began to impose taxes and a number of acts to confirm control on its colonies. One such act, was the Quartering Act. This act required colonists to provide housing and some provisions for British troops. By putting British troops in the colonies it belittled the colonists. In some ways, the colonists felt like they were being baby-sat. Their freedom was being eaten away at right in front of them. Also, many colonists began to realize that the taxes that the ...

Quotes From A Time to Kill

Quotes From 'A Time to Kill' Set in Mississippi, A Time to Kill is a heartrending story of a father who fights for justice after his 10-year-old daughter is brutally assaulted. The father, Carl Lee Hailey, is accused of killing the men who attacked his daughter. Jake Tyler Brigance is the young white lawyer assigned to represent him. In these quotes from A Time to Kill, you feel the sorrow of a father who does not give up his fight for justice. Gain insight into what it means to be a father in a racist society with these quotes. Carl Lee Hailey America is a wall and you are on the other side. Hows a black man ever going to get a fair trial with the enemy on the bench and in the jury box? My life in white hands?Nigger, Negro, black, African-American, no matter how you see me, you see me different, you see me like that jury sees me... you are them.If you was on that jury, what would it take to convince you to set me free? Thats how you save my ass. Thats how you save us both.The fact is you are just like all the rest of them. When you look at me, you dont see a man, you see a black man.We are on different sides of the line ... I aint never seen you in my part of town. I bet you dont even know where I live. Our daughters, Jake, they aint never gonna play together.Yes, they deserved to die. I hope they burn in hell.You Jake, thats how. You are my secret weapon because you are one of the bad guys. You dont mean to be but you are. Its how you was raised. Jake Tyler Brigance What is it in us that seeks the truth? Is it our minds or is it our hearts?And until we can see each other as equals, justice is never going to be even-handed. It will remain nothing more than a reflection of our own prejudices.Can you see her? Her raped, beaten, broken body soaked in their urine, soaked in their semen, soaked in her blood, left to die. Can you see her? I want you to picture that little girl. Now imagine shes white.I just thought our kids could play together.If this is a party, boys, wheres the chips and beef? Otherwise, your being here seems a bit like illegal client solicitation, what with Carl Lee already having a lawyer and all.Its not me, were not the same, Carl Lee. The jury has to identify with the defendant. They see you, they see a yard worker; they see me, they see an attorney. I live in town; you live in the hill.

The Battle of 'Ayn Jalut (September 8, 1260) Essay

The Battle of 'Ayn Jalut (September 8, 1260) - Essay Example Jumi’u’t-Tawarikh put this battle into documentation presenting the struggles between the Mongols and the Mamluk. The events transpired in 1260, July, when both the Mamluk and the Mongol were encamped in Palestine. The author presents the Mongol as an army that considered itself unstoppable because it had conquered so many nations and territories including Damascus and Baghdad. This victory made Hulagu send envoys to Egypt to demand their surrender. Instead, Quduz responded by destroying the envoys. There were myriad assumptions as to what the Mongols could do to Egypt, but that turned the other way round and the battle led to the death of Ket Buqa Noyan, which saddened Hulagu greatly (Har-El 28). This document is a chronicle of the battle between Muslim nations that took place in the early ages. The author of the document is bringing forth the victory of the Egyptian army against the Mongols. The Mamluks of Egypt can secure themselves from the invading Mongols. The document, therefore, intends to reach the Egyptians and offer them a clear documentation of the events that took place in the struggle to defend themselves from invaders. The document also presented the prowess of the Mamluks to Halugu, who was devastated of hearing the death of his own general. The document presents various main points to its audience. The author begins by presenting the threat that was before Egypt. He proceeds to presenting the numerous conquests that the Mongols had managed to stage. The Egyptians are seen going round and round in reflection regarding the best thing to do: surrender, resist, or escape. After a lot of deliberations, they decide to face the attacks and are seen coming out strongly. The document, therefore, presents the fear before the battle and the role of courage in assisting the soldiers to conquer a much feared enemy. The society presented by the document is seen as one

Writing to Learn 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing to Learn 2 - Assignment Example However, these recommendations vary. They are given in consideration of the function, dietary intake patterns, requirement levels, metabolism and toxicity. The recommended level of dietary energy intake for an individual is the mean energy requirement of well-nourished and healthy individual. The human energy requirement is estimated from measures of energy needs plus the additional energy expenditure. The main determinants of total energy expenditure include; gender, age and body weight (Tukuitonga et al., 44). Thus, energy requirements vary for each gender and various age groups, and are both expressed as energy per kilogram of body weight and energy units per day. Human beings need energy for; basal metabolism, metabolic response to food, physical activity, pregnancy, lactation and for growth. The energy requirements are used to predict the energy intake recommended levels for different individuals with similar characteristics but no exact measurements have been made. There is no implication on the exact amount of energy that must be consumed on a daily basis but there are averages of the amount of energy that an individual needs in a day, which depends on their age, gender, state of health and the work that one does in a day. The average daily energy requirement for an adult is 8,700 kilojoules (Tukuitonga et al.,49).The daily intake may be higher or lower than 8700 KJ depending on an individual’s energy needs. Macronutrients are the three main food components, which include proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The average recommended daily macronutrient levels for an adult are; 50 grams protein, 70grams fat and 310 grams carbohydrates. All these recommendations also vary depending on individual characteristics such as age, gender and health status. All these individual characteristics determine the individual needs of each person; therefore, there is no exact recommended amount for each specific individual. Any excessive intake or deficient intake of

Sugar Trade Essay Example for Free

Sugar Trade Essay â€Å"Give me some sugar!† When most people hear that phrase, it usually means someone wants a kiss. But in the late 1600s and early 1700s, people want to plant sugar. True, it started some 9000 years ago in New Guinea, but it took a while before the rest of the world caught on. During this time, there was a movement called the sugar trade. Although there were many forces driving the sugar trade, what mainly drove it were the ideal land masses for sugar production, the amount of slaves needed, and the demand for it. The first driving force behind the sugar trade was finding the perfect land to grow the plant. Jamaica and Barbados were under British rule in 1750 (Doc. 1), and they were the ones who discovered that the islands were well within the ideal climates for producing sugar because they were in the correct temperature climate, and had the perfect soil; the only off thing was the amount of rainfall they had was less than perfect amount. (Doc. 2) The encyclopedia tells us that the land that the British conquered than its own land and/or even England’s own land. Once a man had found the model land, he would state everything that he needs for his plantation, such as windmills, a boiling-house, the amount of slaves and animals, and all the other houses and shops. (Doc. 6) Belgrove demonstrated that owning a plantation was a big deal and one had to be absolutely sure on everything that was needed in order to have a fully-functioning plantation. Most plantations were owned by wealthy English families, instead of numerous people buying the land together. (Do. 7) It can be interpreted that Mintz said that the better was to get money was to own the whole thing by yourself. Men like Charles Long and John Gladstone owned large amounts of land and therefore became richer because of the amount of land they owned, amount of sugar they produced and the amount of slaves they had. (Doc. 7) Williams shows us that rich Englishmen liked getting richer and they used their plantations to attain this goal. The second driving force behind the sugar trade was the amount of slaves that were needed in order to produce these mass amounts of sugar. Men, and  women, and possibly children, were forced into the field to work or into the boiling-house. (Doc. 8) Clark and Bridgens illustrated that the British didn’t care what age or gender you were, you still went out and made sugar each and every day. Slaves didn’t come cheap though, at least not in British Caribbean. In 1748, slaves cost â‚ ¬32 in the British Caribbean whereas they only cost â‚ ¬14 on the West African coast. (Doc. 9) This indicates that the British Caribbean wanted to give the buyers a run for their money, whereas the African coast didn’t know better, this was all new to them. As the amount of slaves someone owned went up, so did the amount of sugar that was produced, unless you were the French in 1789, where they somehow actually lost tons. (Doc. 10) The British were probably more efficient in producing crops than the French and it resulted in them being the biggest sugar trader in the Caribbean. The need for slaves was so imperative that the British would trade thing that weren’t even theirs in order to make sure they had slaves. (Doc. 11) Campbell displays the variety of thing that the Brits would trade, such as powder, bullets, tobacco-pipes, certain toys, and some East India goods, but in the end, nothing was their own. The third force behind the sugar trade was the demand. Everywhere you looked, there were people using sugar for something. Whether it be tea, or rum, people had to have sugar. They would have a large barrel that weighed between 700 and 1200 pounds filled with sugar and people would go insane trying to get it. (Doc. 3) Parris illustrates this to us and Moseley says that the increasing demand for sugar exceeded all comparison with other articles, meaning sugar was the number one thing that Brits of the 1600s and 1700s wanted more than life itself. The UK, and most of the rest of the world, has used sugar to put in tea, which has made tea the most important nonalcoholic drink ever. (Doc. 4) Sugar was and is still a big deal, not only in England, but also in the US; ask ten people and see how many of them drink tea or coffee with sugar in it. By 1770, the population was well above eight million, and the consumption was up to 16.2 pounds. (Doc. 5) That basically says that all the Brits were drinking two pounds of sugar a year! They even set up a parliament that set up a trading system that said Brits made materials into finished goods, such as pots and pans, and then merchants would go and sell it at high prices in England and other  countries, which meant more money came in than went out. (Doc. 12) This meant that they could use the money that came in to buy more sugar or slaves to make sugar. Although there were many forces driving the sugar trade, what mainly drove it were the ideal land masses for sugar production, the amount of slaves needed, and the demand for it. One beneficial factor to this DBQ would have been more information on the French because it’s know that they were also planting and growing sugar, but we don’t hear their success story, as they did pass Britain in the top sugar producer in 1740.

Five Bells: The Performance of Memory Essay -- Five Bells Australia

'Five Bells': The Performance of Memory If we are to be led by the debate recently staged in Critical Inquiry, either Australian multiculturalism is crucially ‘about’ justice, in some sense, or Australian justice is equally crucially ‘about’ multiculturalism. As most of us seem to be aware, multicultural discourse on justice suffers from at least two key paradoxes. First, the desire to respect the absolute alterity of the other, and the simultaneous desire for coexistence, for an equality implying the substitutability of subjects. In Specters of Marx, Derrida describes this aspect of justice as "the infinite promise of democracy," which, he says, is "always untenable ... for the reason that it calls for the infinite respect of the singularity and infinite alterity of the other as much as for the respect of the countable, calculable, subjectal equality between anonymous singularities" (65).1 The second paradox, which may or may not be in fact another version of the first one, is to do with the appa rently necessary equivalence of difference, the substitutability of different differences into various formulae: as Frow and Morris summarize Povinelli’s argument, "the unhappy paradox of difference theories posited as an alternative to the politics of identity [is] that they come to rely on the self-identity of the different" (626). I do not pretend to have any sort of solution to these paradoxes: in fact, to look for a solution, in that sense, is probably the wrong move to make. I want to start by distinguishing between two aspects of justice which tend to get conflated: the synchronic element of justice, which seems to be most commonly implicated in the various discourses on justice, and the diachronic element. It seems to me t... ...rne: Lansdowne P. 1963. Jameson, Fredric. "Marx’s Purloined Letter." New Left Review. No. 209 (Jan/Feb 1995): 75-109. Povinelli, Elizabeth. "The Cunning of Recognition: A Reply to John Frow and Meaghan Morris." Critical Inquiry. 25 (Spring 1999): 631-37. -----. "The State of Shame: Australian Multiculturalism and the Crisis of Indigenous Citizenship." Critical Inquiry. 24 (Winter 1998): 575-610. Roach, Joseph. Cities of the Dead: Circum-Atlantic Performance. New York: Columbia UP. 1996. Slessor, Kenneth. "Five Bells." Collected poems. Ed. Dennis Haskell and Geoffrey Dutton. Pymble, N.S.W.: Angus & Robertson, 1994. Smith, Graeme Kinross. "Kenneth Slessor" Westerly: A Quarterly Review. No. 2 (1978): 51-59. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. 1999.

The Words

Right after Engineer Oscar Pascua finished his electrical engineering course at FEATI University in 1985, he was hired as an employee of the National Electrification Administration (NEA). He was assigned to handle jobs in the various units of NEA until his promotion to Chief Planning Officer in 1994. His main function was to supervise the planning activities of his unit. Three engineers and two other employees reported directly to him. His performance was rated very satisfactory.Engineer Pascua attended training sessions of various kinds including those for management. He finished his M. B. A. course in 1995. When the position of general manager of the Buena Vista Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BECI) became vacant in January 1996, he was nominated by NEA. He got the post in March 1996. Aware of the many problems basetting the cooperative, he immediately went to work. When Engineer Pascua called the key officers of the cooperative to a meeting, he was apprised of the following: 1.That he price of electricity charged to BECI’S customers is the fifth highest in the country. 2. That 25 percent of the electricity service provided by BECI is lost every month and cannot be accounted for; 3. Requisitions for supplies and materials are served after delays as long as three months. 4. Some employees of the cooperative do not report regularly for work; 5. The increasing amount of uncollected accounts. Three days after the meeting, he recommended to the board of the directors the following: 1.The dismissal from the service of employees not regularly reporting for work; 2. Salary increases of up to 20 percent for every employee on the payroll; 3. The hiring of eight additional employees; and 4. The formation of a team to investigate and recommend measures to minimize â€Å"system loss† All his recommendations were approved by the board, after which Engineer Pascua signed all the necessary memoranda to implement his programs. He made regular inspections of the acti vities of the various units of the cooperative.During the first week of March 1997, he convened the key officers for an evaluation of the past year’s activities. The following points were made clear to him: 1. No reduction in the price of electricity could be extended to BECI’s customer because no reduction in the overall cost of doing business was achieved. 2. Instead of reducing the 25 percent system loss, it even went up to 26 percent. 3. There was no improvement in the requisition of supplies and materials. Delays still reach three months.4.  There is a new set of employees who do not report regularly for work. 5. The amount of uncollected accounts increased from Php3. 8 to Php4. 2 million. Engineer Pascua concluded that in spite of the granting of salary increases requested by the rank and file, no subsequent improvement in services was registered. He is now considering more drastic measures but he is not sure if it is right thing to do. In addition, he is also aware that there are some employees who are qualified and dedicated to their jobs.

Corpus Linguistics Essay

Introduction This paper includes information about corpus linguistics, its connection with lexicology and translation. The latter is the most important one and I am keen on finding and introducing something which is mainly connected with my future profession. Frankly speaking that was not an easy journey but I am hopeful it is destined to be successful. A corpus is an electronically stored collection of samples of naturally occurring language. Most modern corpora are at least 1 million words in size and consist either of complete texts or of large extracts from long texts. Usually the texts are selected to represent a type of communication or a variety of language; for example, a corpus may be compiled to represent the English used in history textbooks, or Canadian French, or Internet discussions of genetic modification. Corpora are investigated through the use of dedicated software. Corpus linguistics can be regarded as a sophisticated method of finding answers to the kinds of questions linguists have always asked. A large corpus can be a test bed for hypotheses and can be used to add a quantitative dimension to many linguistic studies. It is also true, however, that corpus software presents the researcher with language in a form that is not normally encountered and that this can highlight patterning that often goes unnoticed. Corpus linguistics has also, therefore, led to a reassessment of what language is like. During this journey we will try to find out; What is Corpus Linguistics Corpus Linguistics Terms and Their Meanings History of Corpus Linguistics Resources and Methodologies for Corpus Linguistics, Corpora Translation Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Corpus-Based Descriptions So fasten the seat belts we are flying! What is Corpus Linguistics? Corpus linguistics is a study of language and a method of linguistic analysis which uses a collection of natural or â€Å"real word† texts known as corpus. Corpus linguistics is used to analyse and research a number of linguistic questions and offers a unique insight into the dynamic of language which has made it one of the most widely used linguistic methodologies. Since corpus linguistics involves the use of large corpora that consist of millions or sometimes even billion words, it relies heavily on the use of computers to determine what rules govern the language  and what patters (grammatical or lexical for instance) occur. Thus it is not surprising that corpus linguistics emerged in its modern form only after the computer revolution in the 1980s. The Brown Corpus, the first modern and electronically readable corpus, however, was created by Henry Kucera and W. Nelson Francis as early as the 1960s. Corpus Linguistics Terms and Their Meanings Corpus (plural corpora). It refers to a collection of systematically or randomly collected texts of natural language which is electronically stored and processed. Corpus can consist of texts in a  single or multiple languages. It contains a large number of texts which allow the researchers to 1 / 6 analyse linguistic rules but the corpus does not represent the entire language, no matter how large it is. Multilingual corpus. Like its name suggests, multilingual corpus consists of texts in multiple languages. Parsed corpus (treebank). It is a collection of texts in naturally occurring language in which each sentence is parsed – syntactically analysed and annotated. Syntactic analysis is typically given in a tree-like structure which is why parsed corpus is also known as treebank. Parallel corpora. The term refers to a collection of texts which are translations of each other. Annotation. It refers to an extension of the text by addition of various linguistic information. Examples include parsing, tagging, etc. Annotation is often used in reference to corpora as opposed to annotated corpora which consist of plain text in the raw state. Collocation. It refers to a sequence or pattern in which the words appear together or co-occur. Concordance. The term encompasses a word or phrase and its immediate context. In corpus linguistics, concordance is used to analyse different use of a single word, word frequency and  phrases or idioms. Orthography. It is a standardised writing system of a particular language and includes various grammatical rules such as spelling, capitalisation and punctuation marks. Orthography can pose a problem in analysis of writing systems which use accents because the native speakers of these languages sometimes use alternative characters to the accented letters or omit them completely. Token. It is an occurrence of an individual word which is plays an important role in the so-called tokenisation that involves division of the text or collection of words into token. This method is often  used in the study of languages which do not delimit words with space. Lemmasation. The term derives from the word lemma which refers to a set of different forms of a single word such as laugh and laughed for example. Lemmasation is the process of grouping of the words that have the same meaning. Wildcard. It refers to special characters such as question mark (? ) or asterisk (*) which can represent a character or word. 3A perspective. It is a research method that is used in corpus linguistics which was introduced by S. Wallis and G. Nelson. 3A stands for annotation, abstraction and analysis. History of Corpus Linguistics  History of corpus linguistics is typically divided into two periods: – early corpus linguistics, also known as pre-Chomsky corpus linguistics and – modern corpus linguistics The early examples of corpus linguistics date to the late 19th century Germany. In 1897, German linguist J. Kading used a large corpus consisting of about 11 million words to analyse distribution of the letters and their sequences in German language. The impressively sized corpus that corresponds with the size of a modern corpus was revolutionary at the time. Other early linguists to use corpus to study language include Franz Boas (Handbook of Native  American Indian Languages, 1911), Zellig Harris (Methods in Structural Linguistics, 1951), Charles C. Fries (The structure of English, 1952), Leonard Bloomfield (Language, 1933), Archibald A. Hill and others, mostly American structural and field linguists. Some of them such as Fries and A. Aileen Traver also started to use corpus in pedagogical study of foreign language. In 1961, Henry Kucera and W. Nelson Francis from the Brown University started to work on the Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English, commonly known simply as the Brown Corpus which is the first modern, electronically readable corpus. It consists of 1 million word American English texts that are organised into 15 categories. For the modern standards of corpus linguistics, the Brown Corpus is kind of small, however, it is widely considered one of the most important works in history of corpus linguistics. But this was also the time of Chomsky’s criticism of corpus linguistics which would result in a period of decline. Chomsky rejected the use of corpus as a tool for linguistic studies, arguing that linguist must model language on competence instead of performance. And according to Chomsky, corpus does allow 2 / 6 language modelling on competence. Corpus linguistics was not abandoned completely, however, it was not until the 1980s when linguists began to show an increased interest in the use of corpus for research. The revival of corpus linguistics and its emergence in the modern form was greatly influenced by the advent of computers and network technology in the 1980s which allowed the linguists to use electronic language samples as well as electronic tools. The use of computers, however, dates back to the early 1970s when the Montreal French Project developed the first computerised form of spoken language, while Jan Svartvik began to work on the London-Lund corpus with the aid of the  Brown Corpus and the Survey of English Usage (SEU) at University College London. All mentioned works before the 1980s as well as the early examples of corpus linguistics paved the way to modern study of language on the basis of corpora as we know it today. The term corpus linguistics has been finally adopted after J. Aarts and W. Meijs published Corpus linguistics: Recent developments in the use of computer corpora in English language research in 1984. Resources and Methodologies for Corpus Linguistics, Corpora The basic resource for corpus linguistics is a collection of texts, called a corpus. Corpora can be of varying sizes, are compiled for different purposes, and are composed of texts of different types. All corpora are homogeneous to a certain extent; they are composed of texts from one language or one variety of a language or one register, etc. They also are all heterogeneous to a certain extent, in that at the very least they are composed of a number of different texts. Most corpora contain information in addition to the texts that make them up, such as information about the texts themselves, part-of- speech tags for each word, and parsing information. ? What Corpus Linguistics Does  Gives an access to naturalistic linguistic information. As mentioned before, corpora consist of â€Å"real word† texts which are mostly a product of real life situations. This makes corpora a valuable research source for dialectology, sociolinguistics and stylistics. Facilitates linguistic research. Electronically readable corpora have dramatically reduced the time needed to find particular words or phrases. A research that would take days or even years to complete manually can be done in a matter of seconds with the highest degree of accuracy. Enables the study of wider patterns and collocation of words. Before the advent of computers, corpus linguistics was studying only single words and their frequency. Modern technology allowed the study of wider patters and collocation of words. Allows analysis of multiple parameters at the same time. Various corpus linguistics software programmes, online marketing and analytical tools allow the researchers to analyse a larger number of parameters simultaneously. In addition, many corpora are enriched with various linguistic information such as annotation. Facilitates the study of the second language. Study of the second language with the use of natural  language allows the students to get a better â€Å"feeling† for the language and learn the language like it is used in real rather than â€Å"invented† situations. What Corpus Linguistics Does Not Does not explain why. The study of corpora tells us what and how happened but it does not tell us why the frequency of a particular word has increased over time for instance. Does not represent the entire language. Corpus linguistics studies the language by using randomly or systematically selected corpora. They typically consist of a large number of naturally occurring texts, however, they do not represent the entire language. Linguistic analyses that use the methods and tools of corpus linguistics thus do not represent the entire language. Searches, Software, and Methodologies Corpora are interrogated through the use of dedicated software, the nature of which inevitably reflects assumptions about methodology in corpus investigation. At the most basic level, corpus software: . searches the corpus for a given target item, 3 / 6 . counts the number of instances of the target item in the corpus and calculates relative frequencies, . displays instances of the target item so that the corpus user can carry out further investigation. It is apparent that corpus methodologies are essentially quantitative. Indeed, corpus linguistics has been criticized for allowing only the observation of relative quantity and for failing to expand the explanatory power of linguistic theory (for discussion, see Meyer, 2002: 2–5). It is shown in this article that corpus linguistics can indeed enrich language theory, though only if preconceptions about what that theory consists of are allowed to change. Here, however, we leave that argument aside as we review corpus investigation software in more detail. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Corpus-Based Descriptions. As has been noted, corpus linguistics is essentially a methodology or set of methodologies, rather than a theory of language description. Essentially, corpus linguistics means this: . looking at naturally occurring language; . looking at relatively large amounts of such language; . observing relative frequencies, either in raw form or mediated through statistical operations; . observing patterns of association, either between a feature and a text type or between groups of words. Reduced to its essence in this way, corpus linguistics appears to be ‘theory neutral,’ although the  practice of doing corpus linguistics is never neutral, as each practitioner defines what is meant by a ‘feature’ and what frequencies should be observed, in line with a theoretical approach to what matters in language. Approaches to the use of a corpus that essentially rely on the existence of categories derived from noncorpus investigations of language are sometimes referred to as ‘corpus based’ (Tognini-Bonelli, 2001). Studies of this kind can test hypotheses arising from grammatical descriptions based on intuition or on limited data. Experiments have been designed specifically to do this (Nelson et al., 2002: 257–283). For example, Meyer (2002: 7–8) describes work on ellipsis from a typological and psycholinguistic point of view that predicts that of the three possible clause locations of ellipsis in American spoken English, one will be much more frequent than the others. A corpus study reveals this to be an accurate prediction. On the other hand, the study of pseudo-titles mentioned in the section ‘Languages and Varieties’ shows how assumptions about language – in this instance about the influence of one variety of English on another –can be shown to be false. Biber et al. (1999: 7) comment that ‘‘corpus-based analysis of grammatical structure can uncover characteristics that were previously unsuspected. ’’ They mention as examples of this the surprisingly high frequency of complex relative clause constructions in conversation, and the frequency of simplified grammatical constructions in academic prose. A clearer integration between linguistic theory and corpus linguistics is demonstrated by Matthiessen’s work on probability (see the section ‘Probability’). This work takes its categories from an existing description of English (Halliday’s (1985) systemic functional  grammar), but the corpus study was more integral to the theory, as it was the only way that statements about probability of occurrence of each item in the system could be made with accuracy. Corpus-Driven Descriptions However, more radical challenges to language description can be found. Sinclair (1991, 2004) argues that the kind of patterning observable in a corpus (and nowhere else) necessitate descriptions of a markedly different kind from those commonly available. Both the descriptions and the theories that they in turn inspire are, in Tognini-Bonelli’s (2001) terms, ‘‘corpus driven. ’’ Some  of the challenges to tradition that corpus-driven theories involve are these: . Lexis and grammar are not distinct, and grammar is not an abstract system underlying language . Choice of any kind is heavily restricted by choice of lexis . Meaning is not atomistic, residing in words, but prosodic, belonging to variable units of meaning and always located in texts. 4 / 6 Evidence for these claims is presented in the section ‘Observing patterned behavior’ above. The notion of pattern grammar focuses on the way that different lexical items behave differently in terms of how they are complemented. Grammatical generalizations about complementation cannot be made without describing that individual lexical behavior. Similarly, choice between features such as ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ depends to some extent on lexical item, as some verbs (such as afford) occur in the negative much more frequently than most. In other words, the probability of any grammatical category’s occurring is strongly affected not only by the register but also by the lexis used. Finally, the evidence of phraseology is that it makes more sense to see meaning as belonging to phrases than to individual words. Findings such as these have led many writers to see a need for descriptions of language that are radically different from those currently available. Sinclair (1991, 2004) proposes, for example, that meaning be seen as belonging to ‘units of meaning,’ each unit being describable in the way set out in He criticized conventional grammar for distinguishing between structures (a series of ‘slots’) and lexis (the ‘fillers’), such that it appears that any slot can be filled by any filler: there are no restrictions other than what the speaker wishes to say. This is clearly sometimes the case, and  when it is, Sinclair Translation Corpora can be used to train translators, used as a resource for practicing translators, and used as a means of studying the process of translation and the kinds of choices that translators make. Parallel corpora are often used in these applications, and software exists that will ‘align’ two corpora such that the translation of each sentence in the original text is immediately identifiable. This allows one to observe how a given word has been translated in different contexts. One interesting finding is that apparently equivalent words – such as English go and Swedish ga ° , or  English with and German mit (Viberg, 1996; Schmied and Fink, 2000) – occur as translations of each other in only a minority of instances. This suggests differences in the ways those languages use the items concerned. More generally, examination of parallel corpora emphasizes that what translators translate is not the word but a larger unit (Teubert andC ? erma? kova? , 2004). Although a single word may have many equivalents when translated, a word in context may well have only one such equivalent. For example, although travail as an individual word is sometimes translated as work and sometimes as labor, the phrase travaux pre?  paratoires is translated only as preparatory work. Thus, Teubert and C ? erma? kova? argue, travaux pre? paratoires and preparatory work may be considered to be equivalent translation units, whereas no such claim can be made for travaux and work. As well as giving information about languages, corpus studies have also indicated that translated language is not the same as nontranslated language. Studies of corpora of translated texts have shown that they tend to have higher incidences of very frequent words and that they tend to be more explicit in terms of grammar (Baker, 1993). They may also be influenced by the structure  of the source language, as was indicated in the discussion of wh- clefts in English and Swedish in the section ‘Languages and Varieties. ’ In communities where people read a large number of translated texts, the foreign language, via its translations, may even influence the home language. Gellerstam (1996) notes that some words in Swedish have taken on the meanings of English that look similar and argues that this is because translators tend to translate the English word with the similar looking Swedish word, thereby using the Swedish word with a new meaning, which then enters the language. One example is the Swedish word dramatisk, which used to indicate something relating to drama but which now, like the English word dramatic, also means ‘substantial and surprising. ’ Conclusion So every journey has its end. Ours isn’t an exception. It was a long journey but it was worth it. Corpus linguistics is a relatively new discipline, and a fast-changing one. As computer resources, particularly web-based ones, develop, sophisticated corpus investigations come within the reach of 5 / 6 the ordinary translator, language learner, or linguist. Our understanding of the ways that types of  language might vary from one another, and our appreciation of the ways that words pattern in language, have been immeasurably improved by corpus studies. Even more significant, perhaps, is the development of new theories of language that take corpus research as their starting point. The list of used literature 1. M. A. K. Halliday – Lexicology and Corpus Linguistics 2. Teubert and C ? erma? kova? 2004 3. Wallis, S. and Nelson G. ‘Knowledge discovery in grammatically analysed corpora’. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 5: 307–340. 2001 POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG)

Sample Common Application Essay Option 5 with Critique

Sample Common Application Essay Option 5 with Critique Jill writes about a person who had a significant influence on her. Her response works well for the 2018-19 Common Application essay option #5: Discuss an accomplishment, event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others. As you read the essay, note how it is about much more than the woman who influenced Jill. Jill uses her interactions with a strong-willed and difficult woman to reveal to the admissions folks an important moment in her own personal growth. Sample Common Application Essay Buck Up  by Jill Susan Lewis is a woman that very few people would consider a role model for anything. A fifty-something high-school dropout, she has little more to her name than a beat-up truck, a Jack Russell Terrier and a ragtag herd of aging and/or neurotic horses with which shes run a largely unsuccessful riding lesson program for twenty years with no business plan to speak of and little hope of ever turning a profit. She curses like a sailor, is perpetually un-punctual, and has an erratic and often terrifying temper. Ive taken weekly riding lessons with Sue since middle school, often against my own better judgment. Because for all her seemingly unredeemable qualities, she inspires me - not necessarily as a person Id strive to emulate, but simply for her unwavering perseverance. In the five years Ive known her, Ive never once seen her give up on anything. She would sooner go hungry (and sometimes does) than give up on her horses and her business. She sticks to her guns on every issue, from political views to hay prices to her (frankly terrible) business model. Sue has never once given up on herself or her horses or her business, and she never gives up on her students. My dad lost his job not long after I started high school, and horseback riding quickly became a luxury we couldnt afford. So I called Sue to tell her that I wouldnt be riding for a while, at least until my father was back on his feet. I hadnt expected an outpouring of sympathy (Sue, as you may have guessed, isnt an overwhelmingly sympathetic person), but I certainly wasnt expecting her to yell at me, either. Which was exactly what happened. She told me in no uncertain terms that I was ridiculous for thinking that money should stop me from doing something I loved, and she would see me bright and early Saturday morning regardless, and if she had to drive me to the barn herself that she would, and Id better be wearing a good pair of boots because Id be working off my lessons until further notice. Her refusal to give up on me said more than I could ever put into words. It would have been easy for her to just let me leave. But Sue was never a person to take the easy way out, and she showed me how to do the same. I worked harder in Sues barn that year than Id ever worked before, earning every minute of my riding time, and Id never felt more proud of myself. In her own stubborn way, Sue had shared with me an invaluable lesson in perseverance. She may not be much of a role model in any other respect, but Susan Lewis does not give up, and I strive every day to live by her example. Analysis and Critique of Jill's Common Application Essay What can you learn from how this essay was written? The essay is interesting and written in an engaging style, but how well does this work for the purpose of the Common Application essay? The Essays Title The title is the first thing a reader sees. A  good title  can immediately pique your readers curiosity and grab his or her attention. The title frames and focuses the words that follow. A missing title is a lost opportunity, and a weak title is an immediate handicap. Unfortunately, coming up with a good title can be  remarkably  difficult. Jills title Buck Up is good in that it plays with the word buck. On the one hand, the essay is about horses. On the other, it is using the phrase buck up to mean showing some courage or backbone. This kind of playfulness can work well in a title. Buck Up, however, does have some shortcomings. Namely, it isnt entirely clear to the reader what the essay will be about. The admissions folks may end up appreciating the title, but only after they read the essay. A title that makes sense only in retrospect obviously isnt doing the best job preparing the reader for the essay. The Essays Focus By focusing on Susan Lewis, someone who in many ways isnt even likable, the essay isnt typical, and it shows that the author can recognize the positive in a person who has a lot of negatives going for her. The college admission reader will be impressed that the author has shown she is a creative and open-minded thinker. The essay fully explains the influence Susan Lewis has on the author, leading her to appreciate hard work and perseverance. This was an important step into adulthood for the author. Also, think about the broader implications of the essay. If a teenager is able to recognize the positive qualities of someone as unlikable as Susan Lewis, that student is also likely to do well in a residential college where different personalities are thrown together in close quarters. The Essays Tone Striking the right tone can be a big challenge in a college application essay. When writing about someone who is rather unlikable, it would be easy to come across as mocking or condescending. The essay points out many of Susan Lewiss shortcomings, but it keeps a light an playful tone. The result is that the author comes across as loving and appreciative, not deprecating. However, it takes a skillful writer to provide just the right balance of levity and seriousness. This is a danger zone, and you will need to ensure you dont fall into a negative tone. The Quality of the Writing Buck Up is not a perfect essay, but the flaws are few. Try to avoid clichà © or tired phrases such as sticks to her guns and back on his feet. There are also a few minor grammatical mistakes. Jill does well when it comes to the essays style. The narrative has a pleasing variety of sentence types ranging from short and punchy to long and complex. The language is playful and engaging, and Jill has done an admirable job painting a rich portrait of Susan Lewis in a few short paragraphs. Every sentence and paragraph  adds important details to the essay, and the reader never gets the sense that Jill is wasting space with a bunch of unnecessary fluff. This is important: with the 650-word limit on Common Application essays, theres no room for wasted words. At 478 words, Jill is safely within the length limit. The most admirable thing about the writing here is that Jills personality comes through. We get a sense of her humor, her power of observation, and her generosity of spirit. A lot of applicants feel like they need to brag about their accomplishments in their application essay, yet Jill shows how those accomplishments can be conveyed in a pleasingly understated way. Why Colleges Ask Applicants to Write Essays Its always important to keep in mind why colleges ask applicants to write essays. On a simple level, they want to make sure you can write well, something that Jill has demonstrated effectively with Buck Up. But more significantly, the admissions folks are indicating that they have holistic admissions and they want to get to know the students they are considering for admission. Test scores and grades dont tell a college what type of person you are, other than one who works hard and tests well. Whats your personality like? What do you truly care about? How do you communicate your ideas to others? And the big one: Are you the type of person we want to invite to become part of our campus community? The personal essay (along with the  interview  and  letters or recommendation) is one of the few pieces of the application that helps the admissions folks get to know the person behind the grades and test scores. Jills essay, whether deliberately or not, answers these questions in ways that work in her favor. She shows that she is observant, caring, and funny. She demonstrates self-awareness as she narrates the ways in which she has grown as a person. She shows that she is generous and finds positive qualities in people who have a lot of negatives. And she reveals that she gets pleasure out of overcoming challenges and working hard to achieve her goals. In short, she comes across as the type of person who would enrich a campus community.

Capital Maintenance Case of Trevor v Whitworth †Free Samples

Capital Maintenance Doctrine is not a new concept and it has existed more than a decade. This is a doctrine that was first recognized in the case of Trevor v Whitworth in the year 1887. In this case, the judge argued that it is reasonable for a company to lose money in business transactions, and this is basically because of the risks involved in business (Armour 2000). However, it is not reasonable or acceptable for a company to engage in activities that will lead to a reduction of its capital. This is because it will be against the desire of investors and their reasons of investing in a company, which is capital growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚   On this basis, it is possible to assert that the intention of the capital maintenance doctrine is to protect the capital that investors have invested in a company. However, in Ooregum Gold Mining v Roper, the court was of the opinion that capital maintenance doctrine is aimed at preserving and promoting the principle of limited liability (Hannigan 2015). The reasoning of the court is that a shareholder has a limited liability, and it is limited to the extent in the value of his shares. Therefore, reducing the capital of the organization may frustrate the ability of a company to pay off its debts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the 2001 Corporation Act supports the doctrine of Capital Maintenance, and this is depicted in section 256A of the Act, which prevents the company from engaging in any activity that may threaten the financial position and stability of the company. Examples of these activities include financing the operations of other companies, engaging in the expensive process of purchasing buyback shares, etc (Borg 2015). In as much as the doctrine of capital maintenance is useful to creditors and shareholders, the   law allows a company to reduce its capital in some circumstances. For instance, section 254 of the 2001 Corporations Act allows a company to reduce its capital, if it is a decision that is passed unanimously by its shareholders. When a company reduces the value of its capital after getting permission from the shareholders, the process must be transparent and equitable (Hanrahan, Ramsay and Stapledon 2013). Additionally, if the company becomes insolvent because of the reduction of its capital, the directors of the company would be held liable. Therefore, it is their responsibility to ensure that during the process, the value of liabilities does not exceed the value of its capital. Finally, in the case of Fowlers Vocola Manufacturing Company; it is acceptable for a company to reduce the value of its capital, if it seeks to refund investors their capital. Armour, J., 2000. Share capital and creditor protection: Efficient rules for a modern company law .  The Modern   Law Review, pp.355-378. Borg, D.J., 2015. The acquisition of own shares by limited liability companies. Hanrahan, P.F., Ramsay, I. and Stapledon, G.P., 2013. Commercial applications of company law. Hannigan, B., 2015.  Company law . Oxford University Press,.  

Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Addiction - Essay Example It is not easy to understand what causes addictions or how an addiction develops in a person. Although one can be addicted to almost anything (including pleasant and harmless things), being addicted to harmful substances, particularly alcohol and illegal drugs, is more than a social problem. As the National Institute on Drug Abuse explains, â€Å"One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their behavior. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction—that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower†. The causes and components of addiction are very complex and although many studies have been done throughout the years, there is still not a clear answer to the causes of addiction. It has always been thought that any of the following could contribute to addiction– lack of will power, poverty, moral weakness, mental illness, genetics, family socialization, anti-social personalities and societal problems. It was also believed that addiction is a disease; but again there has not been enough evidence to confirm that. Causes of addiction can be classified as either mental or physical. The physical causes may be genetic and the mental causes include such things as personality and thinking characteristics, emotional defenses and social influences. According to Wojtowicz et al (2007), some of the causes of addiction to be studied have included social and environmental factors; interactions between biological, psychological and social factors, misuse of prescription medication; and it may be a brain disease. Some of the social factors that may be responsible for addictions are antisocial behavior, crime patterns and criminal choices, intolerance of boredom, family history of drug use, social interactions and peer influence and